Which of the following is NOT included as a fringe benefit?

Fringe benefits are typically non-wage compensations provided to employees in addition to their normal salaries. These benefits can include health insurance, life insurance, retirement contributions, and various types of paid leave.

Contributions for life insurance, healthcare, and retirement systems all fall within the category of fringe benefits. For example, healthcare contributions provide coverage for medical expenses, while life insurance contributions offer financial protection in the event of an employee's death. Similarly, retirement system contributions assist employees in saving for their retirement, which is a crucial aspect of employee compensation packages.

A training allowance, on the other hand, is generally not considered a fringe benefit in the same way as the others listed. Instead, it is typically a direct payment made to employees for education or skill enhancement related to their job. While it may enhance an employee’s capabilities and potentially lead to future benefits, it does not fit the standard definition of a fringe benefit as it is more related to professional development rather than providing a non-monetary benefit or compensation for basic needs or security.